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This week’s collection of the latest dermatologic studies includes the potential association between hidradenitis suppurativa and infertility, refractory pediatric atopic dermatitis treated with dupilumab and abrocitinib, and omalizumab's efficacy in chronic inducible urticaria.

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Final Thoughts: The Importance of Comparative Studies in AD

Panelists offer concluding insights and emphasize the critical role of comparative studies in advancing atopic dermatitis treatment strategies.

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There can be significant crossover between dermatology and infectious disease, specifically for certain infections where skin presentation or involvement is a major hallmark. In other cases, the treatments for various viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases can have skin manifestation, and so it is vital for dermatology providers to be aware of the potential implications of infectious disease.

Ted Rosen, MD, professor and vice-chair of the Dermatology Department at Baylor College of Medicine, and George Hightower, MD, PhD, associate clinical professor at UC San Diego and pediatric dermatologist at Rady Children’s Hospital, delivered an infectious disease update at 

, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Rosen began the talk by covering some current COVID-19 statistics. Many like to declare that “COVID is over,” but there are still 100 to 200 Americans dying every say from the disease, although total cases have decreased. The emerging KP.1, KP.2, and KP.2 strains could be worrisome, Rosen said.

“[The KP strains] are not terribly aggressive in terms of their ability to cause mortality or even morbidity, but they're incredibly highly transmissible, and they present in a little different way, [with] fever, sore throat, runny nose, as opposed to cough, opposed to pneumonia,” he said.

In terms of dermatologic crossover with COVID, skin manifestations are polymorphic and have become increasingly more uncommon. Data from studies on hair loss and COVID have found a higher proportion of androgenetic alopecia but, because older people were more severely affected by COVID, the alopecia likely predated their disease, Rosen said.

Mpox is making a comeback, after a new clade emerged in countries like Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. Data suggest it is more virulent an aggressive, causing the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a public health emergency of international concern after ending the same designation just 10 months prior. Currently, it is estimated that there are > 32,000 US cases (58 deaths) and > 92,000 global cases (181 deaths). The deaths are most commonly associated with uncontrolled HIV co-infection.

Patients infected with Mpox present with lesions that are typically confined to the site of exposure. Because it is spread through sexual contact, providers will typically see the rash on the genitals, in the anorectal area, or in the mouth. There is a vaccine available but, even if a patient receives the necessary 2 doses, it is still only about 88% effective, Rosen said. Tecovirimat has been relied on as a treatment in the past, however there is data to suggest that resistance is growing.

In the United States, there are a growing number of Dengue virus infections, with 2241 cases reported as of mid-June, 1498 in Puerto Rico alone. There are currently isolated outbreaks in Florida, Arizona, Texas, and California. Dermatology providers are likely to encounter Dengue because the associated rash is non-descript; it could be any rash. However, when coupled with other symptoms — such as fever, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, arthralgia, bone pain, headache, or bleeding nose or gums, or even facial palsies — and travel history, Dengue should stay on the differential diagnosis list.

When it comes to non-HIV sexually transmitted diseases, syphilis is front and center right now because we are experiencing the highest rates of syphilis since World War II, with 17.7 cases per 100,000 adults. People with skin of color are disproportionality affected and, in the United States, cases are most prevalent in South Dakota and New Mexico. These are both states with federally recognized Indian tribes, which is a group currently experiencing a surge in syphilis diagnoses. Cases in women are also on the rise.

“Syphilis does not respect ethnicity, syphilis does not respect age, and syphilis does not respect gender in any way, shape, or form,” Rosen said.

Compounding the rise in cases is the global shortage of penicillin, the most common treatment for the infection. There are also data that support the use of doxycycline as post-exposure prophylaxis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is currently an emerging threat, with cases ticking upward in California, Texas, New York, and Florida. Globally, according to the WHO, there are hot spots in Bangladesh, China, the DRC, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the Philippines. A summary of 2023 TB data published in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report found that 1 in 50 migrants carry TB.

On the skin, TB can look very bad, with chancres and ulcers. Or it can appear as miliary TB, which happens when it gets into the bloodstream.

is a new dermatophyte gaining attention. It’s a widespread, resistant fungus that originated in India but has now been recorded in southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Australia, and Canada. It is highly resistant to terbinafide and itraconazole and may be associated with the use of steroids. It is thought to spread via close contact or shared fomites, so familial spread is likely. It causes multiple lesions, lots of inflammation, and a double ring of scale.

The United States saw its first case in March 2023 in New York, with others sure to follow, Rosen said.Because it is so resistant to existing antifungals, treatment can be tricky.

“The best thing that's worked for me is Whitfield's ointment,” Rosen said. “That is an old, old product, but it doesn't rely on enzymes. It just basically sucks the skin off. It's great. It's $10 on Amazon.”

Hightower closed the presentation with a few case studies. One involved a case of tinea incognito where a topical corticosteroid actually altered the appearance of the underlying infection. The patient received a corticosteroid for an eczematous rash, which seemed to initially improve with use of the topical. The patient continued use of the corticosteroid but the rash never seemed to clear completely, and the curved or circular edges were still visible. The takeaway here for providers if to make sure you give a time course of when to discontinue use of a topical corticosteroid.

The second case involved an infant with respiratory syncytial virus and a rash, which turned out to be scabies. Rosen and Hightower encouraged providers to make sure everyone in the immediate family, including caregivers, receive treatment.

Lastly, a case of eczema herpeticum. With this viral co-infection, the patient experiences a sometimes widespread cutaneous vesicular eruption that can be life-threatening in infants and small children. Secondary infections are common, and empiric acyclovir is usually step 1 for treatment.

Rosen T, Hightower G. Infectious disease update. Presented at: Maui Derm NP+PA Fall; September 15-18, 2024; Nashville, Tennessee.

Infectious diseases often intersect with dermatology, as skin manifestations can be a hallmark of infections or their treatments. COVID-19, despite reduced cases, still poses a threat with new strains. Mpox is resurging, with a new virulent clade causing concern. Dengue virus cases are rising in the U.S., with dermatologists likely encountering its non-descript rash. Syphilis rates are at a historic high, compounded by a penicillin shortage. Tuberculosis cases are increasing globally. A new resistant fungus, Trichophyton indotineae, is spreading, challenging existing antifungal treatments.

At Maui Derm NP+PA Fall 2024, Ted Rosen, MD, and George Hightower, MD, PhD, review the landscape of infectious diseases that can have dermatologic involvement, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic illnesses.

Infectious Disease and Dermatology Crossover: What Providers Need to Know

As the 4th of July approaches, the risk of accidental burns increases with fireworks, firepits, and outdoor grilling. We want to know, as a dermatology provider, do you treat burns, or do you refer patients elsewhere?

If you have additional thoughts about the dermatologist's or advanced practice provider's role in burn care, email us at 

The 4th of July brings an elevated risk of accidental burns due to fireworks, firepits, and outdoor grilling. Dermatology providers face the decision of whether to treat burns themselves or refer patients to specialists. The role of dermatologists and advanced practice providers in burn care is a topic of interest, with considerations for their involvement in initial assessment, treatment, and follow-up care. The discussion extends to the potential need for collaboration with burn specialists to ensure comprehensive patient care.

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POLL: Do Your Treat Burns in Your Practice/Clinic?

Hair loss is a common problem that affects women, with more than 50% of postmenopausal women and up to 40% of healthy women experiencing frontal/parietal hair loss often beginning around reproductive age.

 The most common type of female hair loss is androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or female pattern hair loss (FPHL). Other forms of alopecia affecting women include alopecia areata (AA), telogen effluvium (TE), lichen planopilaris (LPP), central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), and traction alopecia. It has also been shown that female hair loss can have a psychosocial impact, contributing to a lower self-image, anxiety, and depression.

Currently, there are limited FDA-approved medications to address female hair loss. These include topical minoxidil for FPHL and 3 oral Janus kinase inhibitors indicated for the treatment of AA.

 With the dearth of options, supplements and nonprescription therapies could play a beneficial role in filling a gap in the management of all females experiencing hair loss.

When discussing the pathophysiology of female hair loss disorders, it is helpful to consolidate etiologies into a few broad categories. These include hormone imbalance, systemic and localized inflammation, nutrient and vitamin deficiencies, aging and cellular senescence, and oxidative stress. The origins of hair loss vary across the board, and each cause has interventions that may serve as mediators impacting disease progression and reversal.

Hair loss in women is often influenced by hormonal factors, such as the production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, menopause, pregnancy, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). While the role of DHT, a potent androgen, is established in male pattern baldness, DHT may also contribute to FPHL by miniaturizing hair follicles, particularly in genetically predisposed individuals.

 In PCOS, hormone dysregulation and elevated androgen levels lead to scalp hair thinning. Thyroid imbalances, both hyper- and hypothyroidism, can disrupt the hair growth cycle, leading to diffuse hair loss.

 During menopause, estrogen levels decline, exacerbating hair thinning, while post-pregnancy hormonal shifts often trigger TE. HRT may alleviate or exacerbate hair loss depending on individual hormonal responses.

These insights highlight the complexity of managing hair loss in women, which requires individualized approaches and consideration of hormonal profiles and related endocrine disorders. While pharmacologic therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment, non-pharmacologic options are available as complementary and alternative treatments.

Saw palmetto (SP) is one such natural treatment that has shown efficacy in addressing both FPHL and TE. Comprising primarily fatty acids and phytosterols, SP functions as a nonselective inhibitor of 5α-reductase, reducing DHT binding to androgen receptors by nearly 50%.

 Additionally, SP promotes the conversion of DHT to its weaker metabolite, androstanediol, further minimizing hair follicle damage.

 Studies show that SP can improve hair count, density, and overall quality in patients with FPHL and TE, with some reporting up to 83.3% improvement in hair density.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) has also demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting 5α-reductase. In a recent study, the ethyl acetate extract (EA) of horsetail was the most effective among several E. debile extracts, exhibiting inhibition of 5α-reductase activity (approximately 35%), though it remains less potent than finasteride.

 This inhibition is believed to be associated with the presence of palmitic acid, making horsetail a promising natural alternative for reducing DHT levels and promoting hair regrowth.

Pumpkin seed oil has anti-androgenic and anti-5α-reductase activity. A randomized controlled trial of pumpkin seed oil capsules used among 76 patients with AGA demonstrated superior hair growth and patient-reported satisfaction among the intervention vs. the control group.

Systemic inflammatory diseases also contribute to hair loss. Patients with connective tissue diseases, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic syndromes can experience cutaneous manifestations that often include alopecia.

 On a localized level, the role of inflammation in AGA, AA, and scarring alopecias is well documented. Historically, AGA was considered a noninflammatory alopecia. However, biopsies of balding scalps in patients with AGA demonstrated an inflammatory infiltrate and perifollicular fibrosis.

 Studies have demonstrated that the extent of inflammation correlates with the most severe clinical forms of AGA, and the addition of anti-inflammatory therapies to AGA treatment has led to improved treatment outcomes.

The active constituent of turmeric, curcumin, shows promise as an ingredient to promote hair health. It has been shown to have a range of therapeutic effects including antioxidant protection against free radicals, anti-inflammation by lowering histamine levels and possibly by increasing the production of natural cortisone by the adrenal glands, and antimicrobial activity.

Pea sprout extract has been shown to improve hair density when applied topically through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.  Results of a study from 2019 demonstrated that the supplementation of 100 mg of pea sprout extract daily decreased hair loss in individuals experiencing hair shedding.

Rapidly dividing hair matrix cells in the follicular bulb requires micronutrients for cellular turnover. Nutrient and vitamin deficiencies can significantly impact hair health and contribute to hair loss. Iron deficiency is one of the most recognizable causes of TE due to its role in oxygen transport and cellular metabolism. Low serum ferritin levels are often associated with hair shedding​.

 Vitamin D plays a crucial role in hair follicle cycling, and low levels are linked to various hair disorders, primarily AA with weaker evidence for TE and AGA. Supplementation in cases of deficiency may improve these conditions​.

Vitamin A is necessary for the growth and differentiation of hair follicles. Both vitamin A deficiency and toxicity may lead to hair loss. A deficiency can lead to dry, brittle hair and eventually hair loss​. Excess vitamin A can disrupt the hair cycle, resulting in reduced hair density and fewer anagen-phase hairs​.

known for their antioxidant properties, support hair health by protecting follicles from oxidative stress and aiding in collagen synthesis, which is essential for hair structure.

 Zinc, copper, and selenium deficiencies are known to manifest as alopecia. Excessive selenium intake may also contribute to hair loss​.

Certain components of the vitamin B complex are associated with hair loss including riboflavin, niacin, biotin, folate, and vitamin B12. Riboflavin deficiency is rare in the US. Biotin is the only B vitamin produced by the body; as such, healthy individuals do not require biotin supplementation. While adequate biotin supports hair growth and maintenance by promoting healthy keratin production, high doses can contribute to abnormalities in diagnostic tests for thyroid hormones and troponins.

 Niacin and folate are vital for cellular growth and hair follicle function, and deficiencies can lead to reduced hair growth and loss.

 Groups at risk for folate deficiency include those suffering from alcoholism, poor diets, and malabsorption disorders. Otherwise, folate deficiency is uncommon.

While vitamins and minerals are essential for hair health, supraphysiologic doses of these nutrients can be harmful. Many supplements contain doses beyond the recommended daily amounts which can lead to toxicity or other adverse effects. For most individuals, meeting the recommended daily intake of these nutrients through a balanced diet or conservative supplementation​ is sufficient to support hair health without risking the consequences of excessive supplementation​.

The scalp and hair follicles are subject to intrinsic, extrinsic, and natural aging, all of which contribute to hair loss.

 Intrinsic factors are related to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, while extrinsic factors can be secondary to ultraviolet radiation, chemical treatments, pollution exposure, and other causes.

 Natural aging is phenotypically and histologically characterized by weathering of the hair shaft, a decrease in melanin and overall hair production, and development of increasingly dry, thin, dull, and brittle hair.

 Senescent alopecia has been described as a distinct process and is characterized histologically by a modest reduction in the size of otherwise normal hair.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a fundamental molecule in human life and health as it participates in energy metabolism, cell signaling, mitochondrial homeostasis, and in dictating cell survival or death. This small molecule lies at the center of cell metabolism, mitochondrial function, and the biologic processes of aging by serving as a substrate for the electron transport chain.

 Cellular NAD+ levels are strongly correlated with aging.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor to NAD+ in cells, has been studied for hair growth. A 2024 murine study by Chuntao Xu et al showed that NMN can promote hair health by significantly lowering inflammatory markers which are expressed under states of high DHT activity such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha and by reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, it can enhance Human Dermal Papilla Cells’ VEGF expression equivalent to that achieved by minoxidil.

In 2019, Khadka et al suggested that the modulation of NAD+ levels may be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent chemotherapy-associated hair loss.

Taurine is a naturally occurring amino acid. A growing number of studies have shown that taurine supplementation protects against pathologies associated with mitochondrial defects, such as aging, and serves as a major antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic factor in the body.

 Taurine has been shown to promote hair survival and prevent hair growth inhibition in vitro. It can also prevent TGF-beta 1 from negatively affecting hair follicles.

Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of AGA, AA, and TE.

Oxidative stress can disrupt normal hair follicle maturation and growth cycles. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created during normal cellular function and have important physiologic functions including maintenance of signaling pathways during hair follicle development.

 In vitro studies of AGA have shown increased markers of and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress in dermal papilla cells from balding scalp compared to non-balding scalp.

Vitamins such as E and C have been shown to be potent antioxidants. Supplementation with these vitamins can affect hair loss. A randomized controlled trial (RCT)

 of fish oil, black currant seed oil, vitamin E, vitamin C, and lycopene supplementation compared with no supplementation showed increased hair density and thickness in the intervention group.

Ashwagandha is a common ingredient in hair health products. It is a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herb that has been shown to fight free radicals and strengthen hair follicles to promote hair growth.

Biotin, often marketed for hair growth, can interfere with several lab values causing inaccurate results. Examples include cardiac markers such as troponin; sex hormones including estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin; other B vitamins such as folate and vitamin B12; parathyroid hormone; and hepatitis A and B antibodies/antigens.

 High doses of biotin can lead to falsely elevated free T4 and T3 levels while lowering TSH, resulting in potential misdiagnosis of thyroid conditions​.

 The FDA has issued warnings about this interference, particularly in lab assays​.

 Additionally, biotin deficiency is rare in individuals with a balanced diet, and evidence supporting its role in hair growth is limited to cases of true deficiency​.

 Thus, choosing biotin-free supplements can be beneficial for avoiding diagnostic complications.

Given more than half of postmenopausal women experience some form of hair loss, the lack of FDA-approved treatments contributes to a growing demand for non-pharmaceutical therapies. By considering the root causes, we can identify key ingredients and interventions that may benefit women experiencing hair loss. Evidence shows that while some nutritional deficiencies may cause or exacerbate alopecias, nutritional overdosing may also have deleterious effects. Continued and additional studies should be performed to explore ingredient benefits and safety profiles.

, is a board-certified dermatologist at Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery in Orlando, Florida, and a core faculty member of the Kansas City University - Orlando.

, is a board-certified dermatologist and Mohs micrographic surgeon at Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and an ISHRS fellowship-trained hair restoration surgeon at the Hair Medicine Institute in Sandy Springs, Georgia.

, is the owner of and a board-certified dermatologist at Kindred Hair & Skin in Marriotsville, Maryland, and an associate professor at Howard University in Washington, DC.

, is a board-certified dermatologist at Howard University in Washington, DC, and an assistant professor and director of the university's residency program.

, is the owner of and a board-certified dermatologist at Madeliene Elaine in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

, is the founder of the Grekin Skin Institute in Wyandotte, Michigan, program director of the dermatology residency program at Beaumont Health Systems in Royal Oak. Michigan, and a board-certified dermatologist at Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery in Warren and Wyandotte Michigan.

, is the executive chairman, founder, and board-certified dermatologist at the Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery in Orlando, Florida. He is also the chairman of the Orland Dermatology Residency Program, and assistant professor of dermatology at the University of Central Florida and Kansas City University - Orlando.

1. Chaikittisilpa S, Rattanasirisin N, Panchaprateep R, et al. Prevalence of female pattern hair loss in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. 

. 2022;29(4):415-420. Published 2022 Feb 14. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001927

2. Hwang HW, Ryou S, Jeong JH, et al. The quality of life and psychosocial impact on female pattern hair loss. 

. 2024;36(1):44-52. doi:10.5021/ad.23.082

3. Gupta AK, Foley KA. 5% Minoxidil: treatment for female pattern hair loss. 

4. Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Mannooranparampil TJ, Ribuffo M. The combination of overweight and smoking increases the severity of androgenetic alopecia. 

5. Young JW, Conte ET, Leavitt ML, Nafz MA, et al. Cutaneous immunopathology of androgenetic alopecia. 

6. Jaworsky C, Kligman AM, Murphy GF. Characterization of inflammatory infiltrates in male pattern alopecia: implications for pathogenesis. 

7. Sueki H, Stoudemayer T, Kligman AM, Murphy GF. Quantitative and ultrastructural analysis of inflammatory infiltrates in male pattern alopecia. 

8. El-Domyati M, Attia S, Saleh F, Abdel-Wahab H. Androgenetic alopecia in males: a histopathological and ultrastructural study. 

9. Magro CM, Rossi A, Poe J, Manhas-Bhutani S, Sadick N. The role of inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia. 

10. Trueb RM. The impact of oxidative stress on hair. 

This expert review explores the multifaceted causes of female hair loss—hormonal imbalances, inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, aging, and oxidative stress—and explores non-pharmaceutical interventions.

Andrew Frankel, Chief Operating Officer, Pennsylvania Dermatology Partners, Philadelphia

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